Comprehensive perspective of radical feminism

Comprehensive perspective of radical feminism In Rosemarie Putnam Tongs book, Feminist Thought: A More Comprehensive Introduction, she describes the perspective of radical feminism. By splitting radical feminism into two different parts, the radical-libertarian feminists and the radical-cultural feminists, Tong shows how two parties that have the same basic theory and goal can have significant differences. In the beginning of the chapter, Tong points out that a feminist must insist the sex/gender system is the fundamental cause of womens oppression (Tong, p. 46). This differs from the liberal view of feminism because the radical feminists want an entirely new system opposed to working with the system for change. Tong illustrates two very different methods for achieving a solution to womens oppression, the radical-libertarian and the radical-cultural feminists. The radical-libertarian feminists oppose the concept of femininity and all things including reproductive, mothering and sexual roles. They believed in an androgynous society which combines both masculine and feminine characteristics exemplified by society. This expressed radical feminists original desire to transcend the limits of the sex/gender system by daring women to be masculine as well as feminine (Tong, p. 47). The radical-cultural feminists differs from radical-libertarian because it rejects masculinity and encourages women to be more like women and emphasizes the values and virtues associated with women (Tong, p. 47). Both methods have conflicting ideas about sex, reproduction, and mothering. The radical-libertarians believe in all forms of sexual expression and freedom as long as pleasure is achieved for both parties. Any form of sexual restriction is looked at as cruel (Tong, p. 62). Pornography is looked at as a way to control sexuality (p. 68). On the other hand, the radical-cultural feminists see male sexuality as flawed (Tong, p.62). When looking at reproduction and mothering, radical-libertarian feminists look at reproduction as a weakness. They are also against biological motherhood and prefer reproduction to be done artificially. Radical-cultural feminists see reproduction as a womans source of power, hence men always trying to control it. The best choice is for women to be mothers on their own terms (Tong, p. 80-81). Planned Parenthood founder, Margaret Sanger was one of the cornerstone representatives of radical feminist movement of the twentieth century. In her book, Woman and the New Race, Sanger discusses birth control and womens rights to her own body. As she states clearly in the beginning of the section, no woman can call herself free who does not own and control her body. No woman can call herself free until she can choose consciously whether she will or will not be a mother (Sanger, 138). Sanger compares both man and woman and the effects of pregnancy on both of them. Though men do suffer from the consequences of the situation, Sanger feels women suffer much more. The woman is the one who has to face the physical difficulty of bearing and rearing the unwanted children (Sanger, p. 139). Like many liberal feminists, Sanger touches on the fact that a change needs to be made. Unlike other feminists though, Sanger took action. Regardless of what is right, the fact is that women will never gain freedom until women take it for themselves. Women should not accept but challenge as pointed out by Sanger. Instead of looking into the past like most of society would, look at what should be. Before it is a mans problem, it is a women and she should therefore be able to decide for herself (Sanger, p. 139). Birth control is womans problem. The quicker she accepts it as hers alone, the quicker will society respect motherhood (Sanger, p. 139). Sanger brings up an important fact about motherhood. No one can enjoy something they never really wanted in the first place. By giving women the right to choose, society is making it more likely for woman to be satisfied and enjoy motherhood. By just giving woman the choice is a satisfying enough step for Sanger. This relates to radical feminism in that as Tong stated earlier, Sanger wanted a completely new system of womens right to her own body rather than just fixing what society saw as acceptable (Sanger, p.139). Kate Milletts Theory of Sexual Politics relates to radical feminism by showing how thoroughly culture and society are dominated by men. The central thesis to this theory of sexual politics is that when one group rules another, the relationship between the two is political. When this is carried out over a long period of time it develops into a belief. She defined sex as a status category that contained political implications. Such areas in society like the military, industry, technology, universities, science, political office, finance, and police force are all powered by males (Millett, p. 219). Politics equals power and according to Millet, males dominate female and elder males dominate younger (Millett, p. 220). Millet also touches point on democracies, aristocracy, and patriarchy. In a democracy, females have not held office except in small areas. This differs from an aristocracy in that women are permitted to hold power and the elder male rule is not present either. In a patriarchy, men hold power over women, children, and most areas of society (Millett, p. 220). Milletts beliefs of sexual politics can be related to Tongs original theory of radical feminism. Millet wished to destroy the sex/gender system and create a new society where men and women are equal throughout society. Millett also believed in the idea of androgyny and that it was only valid if feminine and masculine qualities are worthy enough separately (Tong, p. 51). This androgynous person must combine the balance of the best masculine and feminine characteristics (Tong, p.53). Tong ends chapter two with a critique of radical feminism. This theory of women is shown to be fascinated by roles and stereotypes that ignore the flaws of women. It is also described as being a historical by social feminists. Radical Feminism is the root to womens oppression. Women realize their strength and power and want society to acknowledge that. Women are given few choices in a male dominated society. Sanger and Millett focus on the lack of choices when dealing with birth control and political power. Both want a change and an entirely new system.

The Lutheran Hymnal Essay -- Observation Essays, Descriptive Essays

There it is the blue book. It used to be red, but in 1982 a new book was made. The blue book has a cross with a circle behind it on its spine. Also on the spine are the words Lutheran Worship. At the bottom of the spine is the logo for the Concordia Publishing House. On the front cover is another cross with a circle behind it and the printed name David Edward Mahen. This is the modern Lutheran Hymnal used by the Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod. This Lutheran Hymnal is not just a symbol of Lutheranism but the moderate views of the Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod. In the Lutheran Hymnal, are principles of Lutheran Theology according to the Missouri Synod. There are ceremonies for Baptism, Confirmation as well as Divine services. The Divine Service is from Lutheran tradition and is the same service that Lutherans practice today. There are also prayers, chants, psalms with music, and Luther's Small Catechism. There are hymns which span the entire year including: Advent, Christmas, Epiphany, Lent, Passion Week, Easter, Ascension, and Pentecost. There are also hymns for other times of service and year: Trinity, Morning, Evening, Beginning of Service, Close of Service, Holy Baptism, and The Lord's Supper. This was all based on the practices that Martin Luther created during the Reformation. Martin Luther, was â€Å"temperamental, peevish, egomaniacal, and argumentative† (Hooker, www.wsu.edu), but played a pivotal role in history. During Luther's time as a monk, the Catholic Church was selling indulgences. Luther took notice to the corruption and began to reason that men can only get their salvation through Jesus Christ, not the Pope or indulgences, let alone the Church itself. Luther began ... ...e symbol of the male tradition as pastors and the symbol of women giving the Eucharist. It is the symbol of Lutheranism in the middle of a conservative and liberal world. Bibliography Hooker, Richard. Martin Luther 1996. September 25, 2004. http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/REFORM/LUTHER.HTM> Bainton, Roland H. Here I Stand: A life of Martin Luther. New York. Abington Printing Press. 1950 Harm F. R. Sola Fide, Solafidianism. September 27, 2004 < http://mb-soft.com/believe/txc/solafide.htm > Christian Classics Ethereal Library. Luther's Catechisms. A.D. 1529 01/04/2003 September 27, 2004 < http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/creeds1.viii.iv.html > Multiple Authors. Definition of Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. November 1, 2004

Parenting Skills: Questions Essay

Review Questions 1. What is a family? What is family composition? 2. What is cultural bias? What is an example of this? 3. What are stereotypes? How are they different from prejudice? 4. What is the difference between a nuclear family and an extended family? Critical Thinking Questions 1. How can families assimilate to a new culture?  2. What are some of the problems with stereotypes or cultural bias when looking at families? 3. Adversity affects today’s family, just as Black Death affected families from earlier times. What kinds of adverse challenges do today’s families face and how can they manage the situations? 4. Why are families diverse in composition? How are family lifestyles of today different than the past? Review Answer 1. A family is a group of people who are tied together by co-residence, blood, or affection. A family composition is the makeup of a family, including the members of the family, their relationships to each other, and their ages. 2. A cultural bias is the judgement of practices by the standards of one’s culture. An example of this is we may look at a cultural practice different from ours and consider it wrong because it is not the same way our culture may handle things. 3. Stereotypes are assumed beliefs about a group of people. Prejudice is different from stereotypes because stereotypes are generally based on characteristics of some members of a group, while prejudice are assumptions made of the entire group. 4. The difference between a nuclear family and an extended family is that a nuclear family, also known as a traditional family, has two parents and the children, while the extended family may have multiple generations living under one roof. Critical Thinking Answers 1. Families assimilate to a new culture by letting them in, because they might not want a new culture to interfere with their traditions, but they might eventually let some cultures in. 2. Some problems with stereotypes and cultural bias are that when you look at minorities sometimes they may have to deal with negative comments or actions in various aspects of their daily lives.

TASKSHEET Unit 3 Essay

TASKSHEET Unit 3 Essay TASKSHEET Unit 3 Essay UNIT 3 INTRODUCTION TO MARKETING BTEC NATIONAL MANDATORY UNIT Student name: _____________ Teacher: Ms. Lais Assignment start date: 4th September 2014 Assignment Deadline: - INTRODUCTION Marketing is at the heart of every organisation’s activity. Its importance is also growing in the non-commercial, public and voluntary sectors. Also, at the heart of marketing is the customer. This unit will introduce learners to some of the tools and techniques all types of organisations use to achieve their objectives. Firstly, learners will explore how different types of organisations use marketing principles to meet the needs of their customers and achieve their objectives. The constraints under which organisations operate are important and learners will study the legal requirements and voluntary codes that affect marketing. Learners will then go on to investigate how organisations collect data through market research and turn it into useful information which can be analysed and used to plan their marketing activities. The segmentation and targeting of groups of customers is a key marketing technique and this is studied in detail. This includes the different bases for segmentation of both consumer and business markets. Next, learners will examine how a marketing mix is developed to meet the needs and aspirations of a targeted group of prospective customers, before going on to develop a marketing mix for a new product or service. The unit gives a brief overview of the principles of marketing or can be used as a basis for further study of specialist marketing units. You will complete 4 separate assignments to complete this unit. You should attempt to provide evidence of understanding of all the unit content in your coursework. YOU MUST ENSURE EACH SET DEADLINE IS MET. Unit Content On completion of this unit a learner should produce evidence covering all of their learning outcomes. Learning Outcomes: 1 Know the role of marketing in organisations Role: overall concept; marketing definitions Objectives: private sector aims and objectives (survival, growth); public and voluntary sector aims and objectives (service provision, growth of range of provision, cost limitation, meeting quality standards); marketing objectives, eg market leadership, brand awareness, perceptions of customers or users; link between organisational objectives and marketing objectives Techniques: growth strategies (diversification, product development, market penetration or market development, Ansoff’s Matrix); survival strategies; branding (importance in influencing buyer behaviour, brand building, positioning, brand extension); relationship marketing (definition, difference between transactional marketing and relationship marketing, value of lifetime customer) Limitations and constraints: legal (Sale of Goods Act 1979, The Consumer Protection from Unfair Trading Regulations 2008, Consumer Credit Acts 1974 and 2006, Consumer Protection (Distance Selling) Regulations, Data Protection Act 1998); voluntary, eg Code of Advertising Practice and Advertising Standards Authority; pressure groups and consumerism; acceptable language 2 Be able to use marketing research and marketing planning Marketing research: qualitative; quantitative; primary internal/external research; secondary internal/external research; uses (reduce risk in decision making, measure progress over time); limitations (cost effectiveness, validity of data collected) Marketing planning: marketing planning process model (audit with PESTLE (political, economic, social, technological, legal and environmental external factors); SWOT (internal strengths and weaknesses, external opportunities and threats); set SMART (specific, measurable, achievable, resourced, time-bound) objectives; determine strategy and tactics, implement changes; evaluate) 3 Understand how and why customer groups are targeted Identifying customers in consumer markets: difference